RESEARCH REPORT About AHRDO Afghanistan Human Rights and Democracy Organization (AHRDO) was founded in 2009. The Organization aims to improve the human rights condition of Afghan citizens, contribute to the country’s democratic development, promote understanding and compliance with international humanitarian law in situations of armed con lict, design cultural and artistic initiatives to foster inter-ethnic and inter-community peace and communication, and develop public memory and recollection of millions of war victims as an antidote to the deep-seated culture of impunity and the profoundly ingrained ethos of war and violence in the country. Acknowledgement This report was researched by Zahra Hussaini and Nasrin Hashimi. Rabia Salihi authored the report; Ghulam Sakhi, Jawad Zawulistani and Hadi Marifat have provided additional review. Hamid Fidel has formatted and designed it. Anisa Amiri and Baqer Attaiee assisted in production. AHRDO is immensely thankful to the returnees and IDPs who took part in the research and remained deeply engaged throughout the project. Furthermore, AHRDO carried out this project in partnership with AYPWEO. We are thankful to their partnership and continued support. Last but not least, AHRDO would like to also thank the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the EU Afghanistan Peace Support Mechanism (EU-APSM) whose inancial support made the production of this document possible. It is worth noting that AHRDO alone is responsible for the content of this report. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to re lect the o icial opinion of the European Union. f ff f f 4