ways and methods they might choose to express their grievances and resentment against the Afghan State. The report principally draws on semi-structured interviews with 50 returnees and deportees from Europe in four regional centres of the country: Balkh, Kabul, Herat and Nangarhar. Research interviews were also conducted with 20 civil society and human rights activists and Afghan government officials. The report is divided into five sections. The first section provides an overview of the Afghan deportee population. Section two focuses on key sources of resentment and grievances of the deportee population; section three analyses the ways and mechanisms that the deportees might use to express their dissatisfaction towards the State; section four analyses the linkage between the deportee population and state legitimacy and stability. Section five concludes the report.